Surveying is the art of determining relative positions of points on, above or beneath surface of earth. To prepare plan or map is the main object of the surveying. The primary divisions of the survey are PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING Surface of the earth is considered as plane.The triangle connecting between three points in earth […]

In this system, one main pipe line runs through the centre of the area to be served, and from both sides of the main pipe line sub-mains take off. The sub-mains divided into several branch lines from which service connections are given to the consumers. Thus the entire distribution area is covered by a network

 The various parts and components of bridge are as following. Deck is the portion which carries all the traffic. The portion which supports the deck slab and girder and connects one sub structure to the other. That means all the elements of the bridge attached to a supporting system can be categorized as superstructure.  The

Factors for the design of an airport depends upon aircraft characteristics like Minimum turning radius is to decide radii t the end of taxiway and position on loading apron.  R= Distance of farther wing tip from centre of rotation. Weight of aircraft decides the length of runway, thickness of runway etc. Ground speed is the

Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of surveying lines are measured with a chain or tape or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line. A Circumferentor or Surveyor’s compass is an instrument

 When a ductile material like mild steel is subjected to tensile force, it undergoes different stages before failure. Stress strain curve is the graphical representation of this stages.  Different stages when ductile material subjected to force till its failure are

The term masonry is used to indicate the art of building the structures in either stones or bricks. The former type is called stone masonry and the latter type is called brick masonry. Some important technical terms used in stone masonry are as follows:

Prismatic compass is surveyor’s hand compass provided with a triangular glass prism so adjusted that the compass can read while taking a sight. It was invented by Captain Kater. PARTS OF PRISMATIC COMPASS

Soil excerts a lateral earth pressure on any structure with which it is in contact. In the designing of retaining walls, sheet piles or other earth retaining structures, it is necessary to determine; the lateral earth pressure exerted by the retained mass of soil. The magnitude of the lateral earth pressure depends upon the displacement

A canal headwork is an assemblage of various hydraulic structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert clear water to the canal. PARTS OF CANAL HEADWORK